EVOLUCIÓN DE LOS TELÉFONOS CELULARES
La evolución de los Teléfonos Celulares a sido muy apresurada desde sus inicios aproximadamente en 1973, donde empieza la primera generación, hasta el tiempo de hoy.
Gracias a estos grandes crecimientos en el área telefónica es que en la actualidad nos podemos comunicar por texto, audio y vídeo al instante, ya que se ha posibilitado la conectividad celular-Internet, aumentando así la comunicación global.
Para una mejor comprensión de la evolución de los teléfonos celulares podemos dividir su historia en Generaciones:
PRIMERA GENERACIÓN:
Según la historia el 3 de abril de 1973, el reconocido señor "Martín Cooper" el cual en ese año era el principal directivo de la compañía "Motorola" realizó la primera llamada desde un teléfono móvil del proyecto DynaTAC 8000X. Y ¿A quien llamó? a nadie mas que a su mayor rival en el sector de telefonía: el señor Joel Engel, de los Bell Labs de la compañía actualmente conocida como AT&T.
Luego de este acontecimiento que marcó la historia de los celulares, en 1981 la marca "Ericsson" lanza el denominado sistema NMT 450 que significa (Nordic Mobile Telephony 450 MHz).
Dentro de este sistema es indispensable mencionar que utilizaba canales de radio analógicos (frecuencias en torno a 450 MHz) con modulación en frecuencia (FM). Era el primer sistema del mundo de telefonía móvil tal como se entiende hasta hoy en día.
Después de todos estos acontecimientos, en 1986, la compañia "Ericsson" se encargó de modernizar el sistema, de un NMT 450 llevándolo hasta el nivel NMT 900.
Es de relevancia mencionar que esta nueva versión funcionaba prácticamente igual que la anterior pero a frecuencias superiores (del orden de 900 MHz). Esto posibilitó dar servicio a un mayor número de usuarios y avanzar en la portabilidad de los terminales.
SEGUNDA GENERACIÓN:
Se estima que esta segunda generación de los celulares nace en la década de 1990. Ya para esta década los dispositivos móviles utilizan sistemas como GSM, entre otros. Las primeras frecuencias utilizadas en Europa fueron de 900 y 1800 MHz.
Algo de importancia que debemos saber es que desde esta época se sabia que las comunicaciones digitales ofrecen una mejor calidad de voz que las analógicas, además, en esta época es cuando se aumenta el nivel de seguridad y se simplifica la fabricación del Terminal (con la reducción de costos que ello conlleva). Incluso es en esta década donde nacen varios estándares de comunicaciones móviles: D-AMPS, Personal Digital Cellular, cdmaOne y GSM.
Muchas operadoras telefónicas móviles implementaron Acceso múltiple por división de tiempo (TDMA) y Acceso múltiple por división de código (CDMA) sobre las redes Amps existentes convirtiéndolas así en redes D-AMPS.
Esto trajo como ventaja para estas empresas poder lograr una migración de señal analógica a señal digital sin tener que cambiar elementos como antenas, torres, cableado, etc. Inclusive, esta información digital se transmitía sobre los mismos canales (y por ende, frecuencias de radio) ya existentes y en uso por la red analógica. La gran diferencia es que con la tecnología digital se hizo posible hacer Multiplexion, tal que en un canal antes destinado a transmitir una sola conversación a la vez se hizo posible transmitir varias conversaciones de manera simultánea, incrementando así la capacidad operativa y el número de usuarios que podían hacer uso de la red en una misma celda en un momento dado.
TERCERA GENERACIÓN:
Mayormente conocida como la tecnología 3G. Se estima que esta nace de la necesidad de aumentar la capacidad de transmisión de datos para poder ofrecer servicios como la conexión a Internet desde el móvil, la videoconferencia, la televisión y la descarga de archivos. En este momento el desarrollo tecnológico ya posibilita un sistema totalmente nuevo: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). Por último, UMTS utiliza la tecnología CDMA, lo cual le hace alcanzar velocidades realmente elevadas (de 144 kb/s hasta 7.2 Mb/s, según las condiciones del terreno).
CUARTA GENERACIÓN:
También conocida como tecnología 4G, es la evolución tecnológica que ofrece al usuario de telefonía móvil, Internet con más rapidez un mayor ancho de banda que permite, entre muchas otras cosas, la recepción de televisión en alta definición.
En la actualidad, existe un sistema de este nivel, operando con efectividad sólo con algunas compañías de EEUU, llamado LTE. Por otro lado, cabe la posibilidad de fabricar, uno mismo, teléfonos móviles utilizando: Arduino.
Para finalizas hablaremos sobre la no muy conocida o incierta quinta generación.
QUINTA GENERACIÓN:
La generación 5G se considera la sucesora de la tecnología 4G y se encuentra actualmente en fase de desarrollo. En 2014 Huawei anunció un acuerdo con la operadora rusa Megafon para desarrollar en pruebas redes 5G, al igual que Samsung junto con la operadora coreana SK Telecom y Ericsson con la operadora rusa MTS.
La Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones reveló en febrero 2017 especificaciones sobre la tecnología 5G, como velocidades de 20 Gbps de descarga y 10 Gbps de subida, y la previsión de su estandarización proyectada para 2020. Además del incremento en la velocidad de conexión, la red 5G buscará optimizar e integrar su tecnología con IoT. Red 5G.
The evolution of the Cell Phones has been very rushed from its beginnings approximately in 1973, where the first generation begins, until the present time.
Thanks to these great growths in the telephone area, we can now communicate by text, audio and video instantly, as it has made possible the cellular-Internet connectivity, thus increasing global communication.
For a better understanding of the evolution of cell phones we can divide their history into Generations:
FIRST GENERATION:
After this event that marked the history of cell phones, in 1981 the "Ericsson" brand launches the so-called NMT 450 system (Nordic Mobile Telephony 450 MHz).
Within this system it is essential to mention that it used analogue radio channels (frequencies around 450 MHz) with frequency modulation (FM). It was the world's first mobile phone system as it stands today.
At this time it is where the "1G" cellular devices appear as something "by the standards of that time", because it was considered as a great advance for humanity, since they could be transferred and used by a single person.
After all these events, in 1986, the company "Ericsson" was in charge of modernizing the system, from a NMT 450 to NMT 900 level.
It is relevant to mention that this new version worked practically the same as the previous one but at higher frequencies (of the order of 900 MHz). This made it possible to serve a greater number of users and to advance the portability of the terminals.
SECOND GENERATION:
It is estimated that this second generation of cell phones is born in the 1990s. By this decade mobile devices use systems such as GSM, among others. The first frequencies used in Europe were 900 and 1800 MHz.
Something of importance that we must know is that since this time it was known that digital communications offer a better quality of voice than analog, in addition, at this time is when it increases the level of security and simplifies the manufacture of the Terminal (with the Reduction of costs that this entails). It is even in this decade that several mobile communication standards are born: D-AMPS, Personal Digital Cellular, cdmaOne and GSM.
Many mobile telephone operators implemented Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) over existing Amps networks, thus converting them into D-AMPS networks.
This led to the advantage of these companies being able to achieve a migration from analog signal to digital signal without having to change elements like antennas, towers, wiring, etc. In addition, this digital information was transmitted over the same channels (and therefore, radio frequencies) already existing and in use by the analogue network. The big difference is that with the digital technology it became possible to do Multiplexion, such that in a channel previously intended to transmit a single conversation at the same time it became possible to transmit several conversations simultaneously, thus increasing the operative capacity and the number of users Which could make use of the network in a single cell at any given time.
THIRD GENERATION:
Mostly known as 3G technology. It is estimated that this is born from the need to increase the capacity of data transmission in order to offer services such as mobile Internet connection, video conferencing, television and file downloads. At this moment the technological development already makes possible a totally new system: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). Finally, UMTS uses CDMA technology, which makes it reach very high speeds (from 144 kb / s to 7.2 Mb / s, depending on the terrain conditions).
FOURTH GENERATION:
Also known as 4G technology, it is the technological evolution that offers the mobile phone user, Internet more quickly a greater bandwidth that allows, among many other things, the reception of television in high definition.
Currently, there is a system of this level, operating effectively only with some US companies, called LTE. On the other hand, it is possible to make, yourself, mobile phones using: Arduino.
Finally we will talk about the not very known or uncertain fifth generation.
FIFTH GENERATION:
The 5G generation is considered the successor of the 4G technology and is currently under development. In 2014 Huawei announced an agreement with The Russian operator Megafon to develop in tests 5G networks, as well as Samsung together with the Korean operator SK Telecom and Ericsson with the Russian operator MTS. The International Telecommunication Union revealed in February 2017 specifications on the 5G technology, as speeds of 20 Gbps And 10 Gbps upstream, and forecast its standardization projected for 2020. In addition to the increase in connection speed, the 5G network will seek to optimize and integrate its technology with IoT. Red 5G.
The evolution of the Cell Phones has been very rushed from its beginnings approximately in 1973, where the first generation begins, until the present time.
Thanks to these great growths in the telephone area, we can now communicate by text, audio and video instantly, as it has made possible the cellular-Internet connectivity, thus increasing global communication.
For a better understanding of the evolution of cell phones we can divide their history into Generations:
FIRST GENERATION:
According to the story on April 3, 1973, the renowned Mr. "Martin Cooper" who in that year was the principal manager of the company "Motorola" made the first call from a mobile phone project DynaTAC 8000X. And who did you call? To none other than to its biggest rival in the telephony sector: Mr. Joel Engel, of the Bell Labs of the company currently known as AT & T.
After this event that marked the history of cell phones, in 1981 the "Ericsson" brand launches the so-called NMT 450 system (Nordic Mobile Telephony 450 MHz).
Within this system it is essential to mention that it used analogue radio channels (frequencies around 450 MHz) with frequency modulation (FM). It was the world's first mobile phone system as it stands today.
At this time it is where the "1G" cellular devices appear as something "by the standards of that time", because it was considered as a great advance for humanity, since they could be transferred and used by a single person.
After all these events, in 1986, the company "Ericsson" was in charge of modernizing the system, from a NMT 450 to NMT 900 level.
It is relevant to mention that this new version worked practically the same as the previous one but at higher frequencies (of the order of 900 MHz). This made it possible to serve a greater number of users and to advance the portability of the terminals.
SECOND GENERATION:
It is estimated that this second generation of cell phones is born in the 1990s. By this decade mobile devices use systems such as GSM, among others. The first frequencies used in Europe were 900 and 1800 MHz.
Something of importance that we must know is that since this time it was known that digital communications offer a better quality of voice than analog, in addition, at this time is when it increases the level of security and simplifies the manufacture of the Terminal (with the Reduction of costs that this entails). It is even in this decade that several mobile communication standards are born: D-AMPS, Personal Digital Cellular, cdmaOne and GSM.
Many mobile telephone operators implemented Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) over existing Amps networks, thus converting them into D-AMPS networks.
This led to the advantage of these companies being able to achieve a migration from analog signal to digital signal without having to change elements like antennas, towers, wiring, etc. In addition, this digital information was transmitted over the same channels (and therefore, radio frequencies) already existing and in use by the analogue network. The big difference is that with the digital technology it became possible to do Multiplexion, such that in a channel previously intended to transmit a single conversation at the same time it became possible to transmit several conversations simultaneously, thus increasing the operative capacity and the number of users Which could make use of the network in a single cell at any given time.
THIRD GENERATION:
Mostly known as 3G technology. It is estimated that this is born from the need to increase the capacity of data transmission in order to offer services such as mobile Internet connection, video conferencing, television and file downloads. At this moment the technological development already makes possible a totally new system: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). Finally, UMTS uses CDMA technology, which makes it reach very high speeds (from 144 kb / s to 7.2 Mb / s, depending on the terrain conditions).
FOURTH GENERATION:
Also known as 4G technology, it is the technological evolution that offers the mobile phone user, Internet more quickly a greater bandwidth that allows, among many other things, the reception of television in high definition.
Currently, there is a system of this level, operating effectively only with some US companies, called LTE. On the other hand, it is possible to make, yourself, mobile phones using: Arduino.
Finally we will talk about the not very known or uncertain fifth generation.
FIFTH GENERATION:
The 5G generation is considered the successor of the 4G technology and is currently under development. In 2014 Huawei announced an agreement with The Russian operator Megafon to develop in tests 5G networks, as well as Samsung together with the Korean operator SK Telecom and Ericsson with the Russian operator MTS. The International Telecommunication Union revealed in February 2017 specifications on the 5G technology, as speeds of 20 Gbps And 10 Gbps upstream, and forecast its standardization projected for 2020. In addition to the increase in connection speed, the 5G network will seek to optimize and integrate its technology with IoT. Red 5G.
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